The UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam offers Law as an optional subject, consisting of two papers worth 250 marks each. This subject holds significant importance for aspirants due to its potential impact on both the Preliminary and Mains stages of the IAS Exam. A thorough preparation in General Studies and Law-related topics can yield high scores.
With a considerable overlap between General Studies and Law, candidates from backgrounds in law, finance, international trade, administration, and management often choose Law as their optional subject. This popularity arises from the advantage of shared preparation efforts, enhancing the likelihood of success. For aspirants seeking similar optional subjects' syllabus, please refer to the official UPSC Notification.
UPSC Mains Law Paper 1 Syllabus
Constitutional and Administrative Law:
Constitution and Constitutionalism: The distinctive features of the Constitution.
Fundamental rights:
Public interest litigation;
Legal Aid;
Legal services authority
Relationship between fundamental rights, directive principles and fundamental duties.
Constitutional position of the President and relation with the Council of Ministers.
Governor and his powers.
Supreme Court and High Courts:
Appointments and transfer.
Powers, functions and jurisdiction.
Centre, States and local bodies:
Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States.
Local bodies.
Administrative relationship among Union, State and Local Bodies.
Eminent domain – State property – common property – community property.
Legislative powers, privileges and immunities
Services under the Union and the States:
Recruitment and conditions of services; Constitutional safeguards; Administrative tribunals.
Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service Commissions – Power and functions
Election Commission – Power and functions.
Emergency provisions.
Amendment of the Constitution.
Principles of natural justice – Emerging trends and judicial approach.
Delegated legislation and its constitutionality.
Separation of powers and constitutional governance.
Judicial review of administrative action.
Ombudsman: Lokayukta, Lokpal etc.
International Law:
Nature and definition of international law.
Relationship between international law and municipal law.
State recognition and state succession.
Law of the sea: Inland waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, high seas.
Individuals: Nationality, statelessness; Human rights and procedures available for their enforcement.
Territorial jurisdiction of States, extradition and asylum.
Treaties: Formation, application, termination and reservation.
United Nations: Its principal organs, powers, functions and reform.
Peaceful settlement of disputes – different modes.
Lawful recourse to force: aggression, self-defence, intervention.
Fundamental principles of international humanitarian law – International conventions and contemporary developments.
Legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on testing of nuclear weapons; Nuclear – non proliferation treaty, CTBT.
International terrorism, state sponsored terrorism, hijacking, international criminal court.
New international economic order and monetary law: WTO, TRIPS, GATT, IMF, World Bank.
Protection and improvement of the human environment: International efforts
UPSC Mains Law Paper 2 Syllabus
Law of Crimes:
General principles of criminal liability: Mens rea and actus reus, mens rea in statutory offences.
Kinds of punishment and emerging trends as to abolition of capital punishment.
Preparation and criminal attempt.
General exceptions.
Joint and constructive liability.
Abetment.
Criminal conspiracy.
Offences against the State.
Offences against public tranquility.
Offences against human body.
Offences against property.
Offences against women.
Defamation
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and subsequent legislative developments.
Plea bargaining.
Law of Torts:
Nature and definition.
Liability based upon fault and strict liability; Absolute liability.
Vicarious liability including State liability.
General defences.
Joint tort feasors.
Remedies.
Negligence.
Defamation
Nuisance.
Conspiracy.
False imprisonment.
Malicious prosecution.
Consumer Protection Act, 1986.
Law of Contracts and Mercantile Law:
Nature and formation of contract/Econtract.
Factors vitiating free consent.
Void, voidable, illegal and unenforceable agreements.
Performance and discharge of contracts.
Quasi- Contracts.
Consequences of breach of contract.
Contract of indemnity, guarantee and insurance.
Contract of agency.
Sale of goods and hire purchase.
Formation and dissolution of partnership.
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881.
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
Standard form contracts.
Contemporary Legal Developments
Public Interest Litigation.
Intellectual property rights – Concept, types/prospects.
Information Technology Law including Cyber Laws – Concept, purpose/ prospects.
